For this debate, organized religion refers to structured systems of faith with formal institutions, doctrines, and leadership hierarchies — such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. These systems often influence moral codes, cultural practices, education, and political engagement. They are distinct from personal spirituality or individual belief, which may exist independently of institutions.
Throughout history, organized religion has played significant roles in shaping societies. It has been central to moral frameworks, community life, education, and social movements, while also being associated with sectarian conflict, the legitimization of political power, and resistance to scientific or social change.